Charlotte Pence

Gender and Sexuality from a Biological Perspective

On Tuesday’s class, we moved into another effect of Darwin’s principles—and that involves our understanding of gender identity and sexual orientation. During Darwin’s time, gender roles were very much set in stone. The woman’s role centered around the home and raising children and the man’s role centered around the land and generating income.

But as Darwin illustrated with example and example, variation is the one consistency in the natural world and animal kingdom. So, if variation is the one constant variable, what does that mean about gender expression, identity, and sexual orientation?

Darwin’s theories opened the doors to the idea that gender is not simply a binary between male and female but a spectrum of everything in between. We have just begun delving into this topic, but to help us see examples along the spectrum, I gave the class a few poems that presented speakers with a variety of identities and orientations. The only consistent thread to all of the poems, and to Darwin’s theories, is that everything and everyone changes.

From a biological perspective, humans are a single species, but we (as a species) exhibit a variety of sexual identities, orientations, and characteristics–not just two, male and female. So, this notion of an idealized man or woman is biologically a falsity since nothing, not even natural selection, moves toward a sense of “progress” or “perfection.” That would be called teleological evolution. Darwin was very firm this was not the case. Instead, plants and animals respond to what suits their particular needs and environment, which varies from individual to individual. The only thing we know for sure is that we are always changing.